Vetinnova

Vetinnova

REFERENCE WEBSITE ON RESEARCH,
DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION IN ANIMAL HEALTH

CREATE PROJECT PROPOSALS

en

ES

Acceso Usuarios

Área Personal

Olvidé mi clave

General search

Directorio de grupos de investigación en Sanidad Animal

Líneas de Investigación

Proyectos de Investigación

Servicios de Inv. transferibles / Instalaciones

How to improve global management of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever by 2030?

A group of global experts of which José de la Fuente (SaBio, IREC) is a member updates the World Health Organization`s research and development roadmap for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, and notes that effective management of the disease by 2030 will only be achieved through coordinated international action by affected countries based on a “One Health” approach.

Livestock and One Health: technological innovation for open air farms

A One Health study demonstrates that non-invasive sampling facilitates biosecurity surveillance in outdoor livestock farms and suggests that the richness of vertebrate wildlife may limit the circulation of multi-host pathogens.

Levels of blood lead in Griffon vultures from a Wildlife Rehabilitation Center in Spain (González et al., 2017).

Lead is a highly toxic contaminant that significantly impacts bird wildlife, with Griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) serving as sensitive indicators of environmental contamination due to their position at the top of the food chain and dependence on human-related activities. This study aimed to assess lead intoxication susceptibility in Griffon vultures admitted to Wildlife Rehabilitation Centers (WRC) by measuring blood lead levels and examining correlations with clinical signs, hematological, biochemical, or radiographic findings. Factors such as age, gender, body condition, season, and primary cause of admission were also considered. Blood lead levels were measured using anodic stripping voltammetry in vultures admitted over one year to the GREFA Rehabilitation Center. Results showed that 26% of the birds had lead levels above 20 µg/dL, while 74% had levels below 20 µg/dL (mean [Pb]<20 = 9.34±5.60 µg/dL). Statistically significant differences in lead levels were found based on sex, season of admission, and body condition. A negative correlation was observed between lead levels and hematocrit. However, no direct association was found between clinical signs and blood lead levels, except for digestive issues like stasis and weight loss. While lead poisoning in vultures is often linked to ingestion of lead ammunition, no radiographic evidence of lead was found in this study. Compared to other studies, the blood lead levels detected in this population were relatively low, though all birds had detectable lead concentrations. The vultures appeared to have a higher sensitivity to the toxic effects of lead than previously reported, and there is evidence that subclinical lead exposure may predispose them to injury or disease, even if admitted for other reasons.

Monitoring protected areas from space: A multi-temporal assessment using raptors as biodiversity surrogates (Regos et al., 2017)

Monitoring protected areas (PAs) is vital for assessing their effectiveness in habitat protection, preservation, and representativeness. This study explores how species distribution models, integrating remote sensing data and biodiversity surrogates, can help create a systematic monitoring protocol for PAs. Specifically, the study evaluated the effectiveness of the Natura 2000 (N2000) network in conserving seven raptor species in a dynamic landscape in northwest Spain from 2001 to 2014. It also analyzed the cost-effectiveness of the N2000 network, using the total protected area as an indicator of conservation costs. The findings revealed that N2000 poorly represented raptor habitats. However, despite the low representativeness, the network was highly effective in increasing habitat availability for both generalist and forest specialist species during the study period. To improve representativeness, additional protected areas should be designated in the future to safeguard open-habitat specialists and their priority habitats. Proactive conservation efforts in natural and semi-natural ecosystems, such as montane heathlands, will be crucial for the long-term protection of Montagu’s harrier (listed in Annex I of the Bird Directive) and to meet EU environmental regulations. The study highlights how the integration of freely-available satellite data and species distribution models can enhance the cost-efficiency of PA monitoring systems and support the ´Fitness Check´ process of the EU Nature Directives.

Immature and mature sperm morphometry in fresh and frozen-thawed falcon ejaculates (Villaverde-Morcillo et al., 2017)

Sperm morphometry can help predict fertility and sperm freezability in various species. Understanding the ejaculate`s sperm characteristics and morphometric descriptors is crucial for effective sperm cryopreservation. This study aimed to describe the sperm of two falcon species (Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus peregrinus/brookei and Gyrfalcon Falco rusticolus), including immature sperm, sperm head morphometry, and the presence of subpopulations of mature sperm. Semen samples were collected via massage and voluntary false copulation, diluted with Lake and Ravie medium, and analyzed through morphological and computerized morphometric techniques, measuring sperm head length, width, area, and perimeter. In the Gyrfalcon, pooled semen was frozen using DMA as a cryoprotectant, and analyses were repeated after thawing. The study found similarly high percentages of immature sperm in all species/subspecies: 55.5% in Brookei Peregrine Falcons, 65.5% in European Peregrine Falcons, and 64.7% in Gyrfalcons. Four distinct subpopulations of mature spermatozoa were identified, with different morphometric characteristics, although their relative proportions were consistent across species. The thawed Gyrfalcon samples showed significantly lower morphometric values compared to fresh samples. These findings support the notion of pleiomorphy in raptor sperm and suggest that identifying different sperm subpopulations may play a critical role in developing future cryopreservation protocols for falcons.

CHARACTERIZATION OF NATURAL EJACULATES AND SPERM CRYOPRESERVATION IN A GOLDEN EAGLE ( AQUILA CHRYSAETUS ) (Villaverde-Morcillo et al., 2015)

This paper describes the sperm characteristics and response to cooling and freezing of naturally ejaculated semen from a captive, adult golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetus) trained to allow sperm recovery via cooperative copulation. A basic spermiogram was prepared, and sperm motility and morphometric variables recorded using a computer-aided system. For sperm storage, the effects of a polyvinylpyrrolidone-based extender were evaluated at 5°C. The same extender was also used in freezing procedures in which glycerol (11%) and dimethylacetamide (6%) were compared as cryoprotectants. The extender preserved sperm viability over storage periods of up to 6 days. Although sperm motility and percentage live sperm values were poorer for frozen–thawed (5.8–14.6% and 44–42%, respectively) than for fresh samples (46.7 and 74.6%, respectively), no differences were seen between the effects of the two cryoprotectants. These results could be of use when attempting to store the sperm of golden eagles and other raptors.

Trichomonas gypaetinii n. Sp., a new trichomonad from the upper gastrointestinal tract of scavenging birds of prey (Martínez-Díaz et al., 2015).

In the context of an epidemiological study carried out by several wildlife recovery centers in Spain, trichomonads resembling Trichomonas gallinae were found in the oropharyngeal cavity of 2 Egyptian vultures (Neophron percnopterus) and 14 cinereous vultures (Aegypius monachus) which did not show any symptoms of trichomonosis. In order to characterize them, these isolates along with seven other T. gallinae isolates obtained from different hosts and from different geographical origin were analyzed. Genetic analyses were performed by sequencing the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU-rRNA) and the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and the 5.8S rRNA regions. The morphological study of the isolates in both light and scanning electron microscopy was also performed. The sequences obtained in the genetic analysis coincide with previously published sequences of an isolate named as Trichomonas sp., obtained from a bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus), and showed clear differences to the T. gallinae sequences (97 and 90–91 % homology, respectively, for SSU-rRNA and ITS regions) and display higher similarity with Trichomonas vaginalis and Trichomonas stableri than with T. gallinae. Multivariate statistical analysis of the morphometric study also reveals significant differences between the trichomonads of vultures and the isolates of T. gallinae. The isolates from vultures presented smaller values for each variable except for the length of axostyle projection, which was higher. These results together with the different nature of their hosts suggest the possibility of a new species of trichomonad which we hereby name Trichomonas gypaetinii, whose main host are birds of the subfamily Gypaetinae.

Detection and assessment of electrocution in endangered raptors by infrared thermography (Melero et al., 2013)

Most European birds of prey find themselves in a poor state of conservation, with electrocution as one of the most frequent causes of unnatural death. Since early detection of electrocution is difficult, treatment is usually implemented late, which reduces its effectiveness. By considering that electrocution reduces tissue temperature, it may be detectable by thermography, which would allow a more rapid identification. Three individuals from three endangered raptor species [Spanish imperial eagle (Aquila adalberti), Lammergeier (Gypaetus barbatus) and Osprey (Pandion haliaetus)] were studied thermographically from the time they were admitted to a rehabilitation centre to the time their clinical cases were resolved.

Avian predators as a biological control system of common vole (Microtus arvalis) populations in north‐western Spain: Experimental set‐up and preliminary results (Paz et al., 2013).

Ecologically based rodent pest management using biological control has never been evaluated for vole plagues in Europe, although it has been successfully tested in other systems. The authors report on the first large-scale replicated experiment to study the usefulness of nest-box installation for increasing the breeding density of common kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) and barn owls (Tyto alba) as a potential biological control of common vole (Microtus arvalis) abundance in agricultural habitats in north-western Spain. The results show that: (1) population density of both predator species increased in response to both nest-site availability and vole density; (2) voles are a major prey for the common kestrels during the breeding period; (3) vole density during the increase phase of a population cycle may be reduced in crop fields near nest boxes. The installation of nest boxes provides nesting sites for barn owls and kestrels. Kestrel populations increased faster than in areas without artificial nests, and the common vole was one of their main prey during the breeding season. The results suggest that local (field) effects could be found in terms of reduced vole density. If so, this could be an environmentally friendly and cheap vole control technique to be considered on a larger scale

Occurrence of Chlamydiaceae in non-symptomatic free-living raptors in Spain (Ortega et al., 2012)

Few studies have investigated the role of raptors as natural reservoirs of Chlamydiaceae spp. and the preferred anatomical sites where these bacteria can be detected in non-symptomatic wild birds. We investigated the occurrence of Chlamydiaceae in 54 non-symptomatic adult free-living birds belonging to 14 species sampled upon reception in a raptor rehabilitation centre in Spain, and ten juvenile birds from five species born and reared in the centre for subsequent release into the wild. Swabs from conjunctivae, choanae and cloacae were taken to detect Chlamydiaceae DNA by a family-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and a nested genus- and species-specific PCR. Chlamydiaceae DNA was detected in adult raptors belonging to 12 species (85.7%), mainly in conjunctival (40.6%) and, to a lesser extent, choanal (17.2%) swabs, but never in cloacal samples. Neither the genus nor the species of Chlamydiaceae could be confirmed by the nested PCR assay. Our results suggest that most of the raptor species investigated, especially the Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) and Eurasian Griffon Vulture (Gyps fulvus), can be natural reservoirs of Chlamydiaceae spp. in the wild. Failure to identify the organisms at genus and species level might have been due to the poor quality and low concentration of DNA in the samples or to the presence of hitherto unclassified Chlamydiaceae species.

The paradox of the commercial hunting of red-legged partridges

Study suggests that game lands devoted to the commercial hunting of red-legged partridges can act as “conservation islands” with positive effects on biodiversity beyond their borders

Machine learning algorithms for the evaluation of risk by tick-borne pathogens in Europe

Two researchers address the problem of building an open-access spatial database as a framework for complex modeling in assessing the risk of tick-borne pathogens in Europe

Novel herpesvirus in the critically endangered Galapagos pink land iguana.

Virus surveillance in wildlife is important to understanding ecosystem health, taxonomy, and evolution. Nevertheless, viruses in reptiles, and specifically in squamates, continue to be understudied. Herein, we conducted a health assessment on the critically endangered Galapagos pink land iguana (Conolophus marthae) and the vulnerable Galapagos land iguana (Conolophus subcristatus). We collected oral and/or cloacal swabs from 47 clinically healthy iguanas and tested for adenovirus (cloacal swabs, n = 47) and herpesvirus (oral swabs, n = 45) using broad-spectrum PCRs. Two out of 38 (5.3 %) Galapagos pink land iguanas tested positive for herpesvirus, while no herpesvirus was detected in all Galapagos land iguanas (n = 7). Both herpesviral sequences were identical between them and divergent (61.9 % amino acid identity) when compared to the closest herpesvirus sequences available in GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ. The genetic distance between this and other herpesviruses is consistent with its classification as a novel virus species. All iguanas were negative for adenovirus. This is the first description of a herpesvirus in iguanas of the Galapagos islands, and the first report of a potential pathogen for the iconic Galapagos pink land iguana. Further research is needed to understand the implications of this virus in the conservation and management of one of the most endangered iguana species in the world.

Campylobacter assessment along the Spanish food chain: identification of key points.

Aims Campylobacteriosis, caused by Campylobacter spp., is one of the most important foodborne zoonotic diseases in the world and a common cause of gastroenteritis. In the European Union, campylobacteriosis is considered the most common zoonotic disease, with over 10,000 cases in 2020 alone. This high occurrence highlights the need of more efficient surveillance methods and identification of key points. Methods and Results Herein, we evaluated and identified key points of Campylobacter spp. occurrence along the Spanish food chain during 2015–2020, based on the following variables: product, stage and region. We analysed a dataset provided by the Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition using a machine learning algorithm (random forests). Campylobacter presence was influenced by the three selected explanatory variables, especially by product, followed by region and stage. Among the studied products, meat, especially poultry and sheep, presented the highest probability of occurrence of Campylobacter, where the bacterium was present in the initial, intermediate and final stages (e.g., wholesale, retail) of the food chain. The presence in final stages may represent direct consumer exposure to the bacteria. Conclussions By using the random forest method, this study contributes to the identification of Campylobacter key points and the evaluation of control efforts in the Spanish food chain.

First detection of herpesvirus and hemosporidians in the endangered Pyrenean Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus aquitanicus).

Pathogens affect wild bird populations worldwide, contributing to their decline. Considering the scarce health data regarding the endangered Pyrenean Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus aquitanicus), we molecularly surveyed selected pathogens (Newcastle disease virus, Avian influenza virus, Chlamydia psittaci, avian pathogenic Escherichia coli, Campylobacter jejuni, and Salmonella spp.) in 30 Pyrenean Capercaillie feces collected in the field (Catalonia, northeastern Spain). Additionally, swab and tissue samples from eight wild Pyrenean Capercaillies of Catalonia and Andorra were molecularly tested for herpesvirus and hemosporidians (Plasmodium spp., Haemoproteus spp., and Leucocytozoon spp.). All fecal samples were negative for the pathogens tested. Nevertheless, we detected a novel herpesvirus in 50% (4/8) of the Pyrenean Capercaillies, and hemosporidian DNA in 62.5% (5/8) of the tissue samples (i.e., Haemoproteus sp. [4 of 8] and/or Leucocytozoon sp. [3 of 8]). To our knowledge, this is the first detection of herpesvirus and hemosporidians infections in Pyrenean Capercaillies. The putative novel herpesvirus belongs to the genus Iltovirus. The presence of hemosporidian parasites in this mountain bird species is of concern, and could be related to the marked increase in the average temperature in the Pyrenees as a consequence of climate change. Our findings are fundamental to improve the conservation plans for the endangered Pyrenean Capercaillie population.

Novel epidemiologic features of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 2.3.3.4b panzootic: a review.

Avian influenza is one of the most devastating avian diseases. The current high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) A virus H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b epizootic began in the 2020–2021 season, and has caused a panzootic, considered one of the worst ever reported. The present panzootic has novel epidemiological features that represent a challenge for its prevention and control. This review examines key epidemiological changes of the disease such as seasonality, geographic spread, and host range. The seasonality of the virus has changed, and contrary to previous avian influenza epizootics, this subclade was able to persist during boreal summer. Its geographic range has expanded, with reports in all continents except Australia. During this epizootic, HPAIV H5N1 has broadened its host range, infecting hundreds of bird species, and causing the death of thousands of wild birds and over 300 million poultry. The number and diversity of mammal species infected by H5N1 2.3.4.4b is unprecedented. Although considered low, this strain’s potential to spillover to humans should not be underestimated, especially considering the current extremely high viral circulation in animals and increasing adaptation to mammals. Overall, HPAI A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b represents an ongoing and growing threat to poultry, wildlife, and human health.

Subolesin as anti-tick vaccine for cattle in Uganda

Scientists develop an anti-tick vaccine for cattle in Uganda based on the Subolesin antigen, whose efficacy, effectiveness and safety have been evaluated in a field trial on cattle infested with multiple tick species in different agro-ecological zones of this African country.

New evidence for link between tick saliva proteins and lipids and red meat allergy

Recent study provides results on new relationships between different protein and lipid molecules in tick saliva and alpha-Gal syndrome (allergic reaction associated with tick bites and ingestion of red meat) using the model validated in zebrafish

When and where is the Ixodes ricinus tick bite most likely to occur?

New statistical model predicts when and where Ixodes ricinus ticks are most likely to bite people and animals, providing a key tool for preventing pathogen transmission.

Establishing partnerships improves access to livestock biotechnology products in sub-Saharan Africa

Project developed by the SaBio Group of the IREC in collaboration with the National Agricultural Research Organization of Uganda (NARO) for the production of livestock tick vaccines in Uganda values the establishment of collaborations between low-income countries and foreign partners as a strategy to promote the development of livestock biotechnology products adapted to local needs and manufactured in regional facilities.

Knowledge and public perception about wild ungulate populations in Spain

Study shows that the disconnection between public perception and scientific reality on the abundance of wild ungulate populations in Spain, influenced by the media, conditions the social acceptance of population management measures for these species.

Wild boar as sentinel of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Spain and Portugal

Epidemiological model based on wild boar allows the identification of new high-risk foci of exposure to the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in Spain and Portugal and will be key to preventing the disease in humans

Ticks and gut microbiota: the connection with allergic reactions to mammalian meat consumption

Study provides new results on the role of gut microbiota in allergic reactions to components of tick saliva using the model of the alpha-Gal syndrome (allergic reaction to ingested red meat) in zebrafish

The impact of myxomatosis on Iberian hare populations

Study analyzes the decline of hare populations in the Iberian Peninsula after the jump of myxoma virus from rabbits using hunting statistics

Optimization of bioactives extraction from grape marc via a medium scale ambient temperature system and stability study

A scalable procedure with minimum energy requirements, in combination with solvents generally recognized as safe (GRAS), has been optimized to obtain polyphenolic extracts from white grape (Vitis vinifera) marc.

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus detected for the first time in free-living ticks in a periurban area of Ponferrada

A study detects the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in 10 of 95 ticks analyzed, none of the genus Hyalomma, captured in a periurban area of Ponferrada. In the region of El Bierzo (León), three clinical cases in humans have been reported since 2021, with one death, due to this disease.

The flight of spotless starlings is related to the bacteria they carry

Combining leading satellite telemetry and epidemiology technology, a study has revealed how the spotless starling (Sturnus unicolor), a common species on livestock farms, connects different farms, urban and natural environments, as well as that the nature of its movements is related to infection by commensal E. coli and antibiotic resistance.

Multi-omics analysis of zebrafish response to tick saliva reveals biological processes associated with alpha-Gal syndrome

A new study used a multi-omics approach to determine the effect of tick saliva and red meat consumption on the transcriptome and gut proteome of zebrafish

New survey to study outbreaks of Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease in deer

The survey is aimed at managers, guards, veterinarians, engineers, hunters and owners of farms who have had suspected cases of the virus and has the objective of expanding knowledge about the situation of the disease, knowing its impact at the national level and adopting decisions. future for its management.

Efficiency of different capture methods for the tick Hyalomma lusitanicum, vector of the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus

A study shows that the efficiency of the most used capture methods for adult stages of the tick Hyalomma lusitanicum varies depending on the habitat where they are used, which is key to more accurately estimate its abundance.

Questionnaire on tick bite and red meat allergy in humans

The IREC SaBio Group launches a questionnaire to collect information on the effects of tick bites and their possible association with red meat allergy, known as Alpha-Gal Syndrome, within the framework of the BIOGAL Project.

Survey on epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHE) for farmers and veterinarians

The SaBio Group of IREC, GISAZ and ENZOEM launch a virtual survey for veterinarians and livestock farmers whose objective is to study EHE outbreaks in cattle and evaluate the impact of the disease in Spain

Camera trapping and population density: why should we estimate movement rates for the population under study?

A study demonstrates the need to estimate movement rates in the animal population under study when camera trapping is used together with methods that do not require the recognition of individuals in the field of wildlife monitoring and population density estimation.

'Junk food' also adds pounds in stork nestlings

The nestlings of storks fed with food from urban landfills are in better nutritional status than those fed with more natural food. However, the effect of food from landfills on the oxidative stress balance largely depends on the climate as this affects nutrient contents of both natural and landfill-derived food.

Allergic reactions to tick saliva components in zebrafish model

Components of tick saliva and proteins with and without alpha-Gal modifications involved in allergy caused by this carbohydrate are identified and characterized.

How to deal with an outbreak of African swine fever in wild boar?

A scientific review and consultation with experts reveals the keys to control an outbreak of African swine fever (ASF) in wild boars in Spain

First case of mortality associated with pentobarbital intoxication in a bearded vulture

The case highlights the risk posed by the carcasses of domestic animals euthanized with veterinary pharmaceuticals such as pentobarbital for the conservation of avian scavengers, including the bearded vulture, considered endangered in Europe.

Genetic modifications are introduced into bacteria to control Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in ticks

IREC researchers have developed modified bacteria using molecular biotechnology that express Anaplasma phagocytophilum proteins capable of competing with this pathogen and reducing infection.

Riesgo de exposición al virus de la fiebre del Nilo Occidental en aves silvestres, caballos y personas del oeste de Castilla-La Mancha

Las aves silvestres de entornos rurales humanizados como las granjas de caballos en el occidente de Castilla-La Mancha son más proclives a estar infectadas por Flavivirus como el virus de la fiebre del Nilo Occidental, representando un riesgo para la transmisión del virus a caballos y personas en estos ambientes.

See updated list here: https://mlfanarraga.wixsite.com/grupo-nanomedicina/recent-publications

https://mlfanarraga.wixsite.com/grupo-nanomedicina/recent-publications

NOTA DIVULGATIVA: “Las garrapatas y la alergia a la carne roja”

Las garrapatas son ectoparásitos artrópodos que actúan como vectores de patógenos y causan reacciones alérgicas, afectando a la salud humana y animal en todo el mundo. En los seres humanos, sus picaduras pueden inducir altos niveles de anticuerpos IgE contra el carbohidrato alfa-Gal presente en biomoléculas de su saliva, que median reacciones alérgicas a sus picaduras y a la carne de mamíferos conocidas como síndrome alfa-Gal. Identificar y caracterizar biomoléculas derivadas de garrapatas como alfa-Gal y mecanismos inmunes asociados ligados al desarrollo del síndrome de ?-Gal es esencial en el diagnóstico y la prevención de enfermedades causadas por patógenos portadores de alfa-Gal que puedan convertirse en pandémicas.

Tuberculosis is detected for the first time in Egyptian mongooses in Spain

Researchers suggest that the Egyptian mongoose could act as an accidental host for tuberculosis, but that it would play a minor role in the maintenance and transmission of the disease in ecosystems.

Mapeo de epítopos de la proteína RBD Spike del SARS-CoV-2 asociados con sintomatología y estrategias de control de la enfermedad COVID-19

Se identifican epítopos de la proteína RBD del SARS-CoV-2 reconocidos por diferentes isotipos de anticuerpos para avanzar en el desarrollo de intervenciones diagnósticas, pronósticas y preventivas mediante mapeo peptídico eficaces de la enfermedad COVID-19.

Synthesis and biological study of substituted 3-carboethoxy-4-aminoquinolines

Resume: It synthesizes a series of 3-carboethoxy-4-aminoquinolines substituted in position 6 and another series substituted in position 7. The study by molecular modeling makes it possible to determine the molecular descriptors that appear to be important in biological activity. Most of the compounds were cytotoxicly innocuous at the concentration of 50mg/ml, which makes them attractive for further studies.

Molecular Parameters and Structure Activity Relationship towards Mexican Leishmania of 3-Carboethoxy-4-Amino Quinolines.

Resume Some quinolines and related compounds are known to be active as antiparasitic, antihypertensive, and antitumor agents. One of the proposed mechanisms is the intercalative interaction or not with DNA segments. This interaction has been demonstrated by NMR, UV-visible and computational methods. This work presents a computational study to elucidate essential structural elements for pharmacological activity, in a set of compounds that includes known antimalarial drugs: 2,4-diamino-6,7-dimethoxyquinoline (DDQ), amodiaquine, chloroquine, and a series of 3-carboethoxy-4-N-alkylaminoquinolines synthesized in our laboratories and whose biological activity towards Lehismania mexicana we determined. Energetically accessible conformations of the series of compounds were generated and geometrically optimized using molecular dynamics (MM+) and minimization (simulated annealing) and later optimized for the calculation of electronic properties using the AM1 semi-empirical method. Molecular properties were calculated including electrostatic potential maps, HOMO-LUMO energies, dipole moments, heats of formation, charge density (Mülliken), solvation energy, octanol-water partition coefficient (log P), polarizability, hardness, surface area. , volume and thermodynamic parameters, using the AM1 Hamiltonian model in order to identify properties that can be correlated with biological activity. Pharmacophore models are proposed based on the identification of common structural patterns, both for antimalarial drugs and for the group of 3-carboethoxy-4-N-alkylaminoquinolines whose activity against Lehismania mexicana was determined. The proposed pharmacophore models will serve as the basis for molecular design in the search for new drugs with the desired activity.

Identifican biomarcadores nutricionales del pronóstico de la COVID-19

Un nuevo estudio identifica biomarcadores nutricionales del pronóstico de la enfermedad COVID-19 en suero en individuos no vacunados y tras la administración de la vacuna

La monitorización integrada de fauna silvestre como herramienta para la prevención de futuras pandemias

La monitorización integrada de fauna silvestre, que nace del concepto One Health y propone combinar la vigilancia sanitaria con el seguimiento de las poblaciones animales, ha sido ensayada por primera vez en España como herramienta para prevenir futuras pandemias.

Abundance of the tick Hyalomma lusitanicum determines the risk of transmission of the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus

This study shows that the abundance of Hyalomma lusitanicum at small spatial scales and the structure of the community of its hosts, mainly deer and wild boar, are important risk factors for the transmission of the Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus.

The IREC receives the One Health 2022 Recognition from Boehringer Ingelheim

The Boehringer Ingelheim One Health 2022 Recognition aims to support and make visible those initiatives that make, through their daily activity, the advancement of solutions for human, animal and environmental well-being a reality.

Air purifiers and SARS-CoV-2: HEPA filter analysis as a surveillance method

Researchers from Castilla-La Mancha lead the development of a method for detecting the SARS-CoV-2 virus in safe environments, based on the analysis of HEPA filters contained in air purifiers, which would reduce the economic costs of individual analysis and speed up the diagnostic process of COVID-19 infection.

Environmental determinants of the local abundance of ticks in Doñana National Park.

New models in high spatial resolution allow predicting the abundance of ticks and improve the prevention of the serious diseases they transmit.

New Bagaza virus outbreak in red-legged partridges in Spain and appearance in Portugal and other birds.

Two studies analyze the Bagaza virus outbreaks in birds that took place for the second time in Southern Spain in 2019 and for the first time in Portugal in 2021. The data confirm that co-infection of this flavivirus and avian malaria parasites is the cause of the high mortality observed in the affected populations of red-legged partridge.

Urban pollutants and SARS-CoV-2 virus

A multidisciplinary research reveals that atmospheric particulate matter emitted by engine exhaust inactivates SARS-CoV-2, but it has a negative impact on human health with implications for COVID-19 and other diseases

Hunting yields to predict wild boar abundance

A study demonstrates the predictive capacity of spatial models of wild boar relative abundance, generated in 2014 from data from hunting yields, comparing them with current hunting yields of the species.

The snow-melt mosquito, Aedes refiki, colonizes Ciudad Real.

Several specimens of a very aggressive mosquito that usually lives in cold high mountain environments are captured in the Forest Park “La Atalaya”, in the city of Ciudad Real.

The REM: a reliable method for estimating population density of multiple wildlife species using camera traps

The Random Encounter Model (REM), based on the use of camera traps, has been validated as a reliable method for estimating population density of multiple wildlife species with the same study design.

New oral vaccines to help food production in Africa

The SaBio Group of the IREC has successfully tested an oral vaccine that combines tick antigens with inactivated mycobacteria, and that is expected to help control cattle ticks and reduce the use of chemical acaricides in tropical and subtropical countries.

Can we model distribution of population abundance from wildlife–vehicles collision data?

A new analytical approach makes it possible to obtain maps on the distribution and abundance of two species of ungulates, the roe deer and the wild boar, from wildlife–vehicles collision data, controlling the effects that factors such as road density and seasonality may have on predictions.

The common mosquito transmits many diseases, but is unable to transmit hepatitis E virus

A study shows that the common mosquito is unable to transmit the hepatitis E virus, an emerging virus that causes severe cases of acute hepatitis and that causes the death of tens of thousands of people worldwide.

New benzophenone-derived bisphosphonium salts as leishmaniccidal leads targeting mitochondria through inhibition of respiratory complex II

A set. of benzophenone-derived bisphosphonium salts was synthesized and assayed for lethal activity on the human protozoan parasite Leishmania. A subset of them, mostly characterized by phosphonium substituents with an intermediate hydrophobicity, inhibited parasite proliferation at low micromolar range of concentrations. The best of this subset, 4, 4`̌prime;-bis((tri-n- pentylphosphonium)methyl)benzophenone dibromide, showed a very scarce toxicity on mammalian, cells. This compound targets complex II of the respiratory chain, of the parasite, based on, (i) a dramatically swollen mitochondrion in treated parasites, (ii) fast decrease of cytoplasmic ATP, (iii) a decrease of the electrochemical mitochondrial potential, and, (iv) inhibition of the oxygen consumption rate using succinate as substrate. Thus, this type of compounds represents a new lead in the development of leishmanicidal drugs.

Antiprotozoal activity and DNA binding of dicationic acridones

Two series of N-alkyl, N-alkoxy, and N-hydroxy bisguanidines derived from the N-phenylbenzamide and 1,3-diphenylurea scaffolds were synthesised in three steps from the corresponding 4-amino-N-(4-aminophenyl)benzamide and 1,3-bis(4-aminophenyl)urea, respectively. All of the new compounds were evaluated in vitro against T. b. rhodesiense (STIB900) trypomastigotes and Plasmodium falciparum NF54 parasites (erythrocytic stage). N-alkoxy and N-hydroxy derivatives showed weak micromolar range IC50 values against T. b. rhodesiense and P. falciparum whereas the N-alkyl analogues displayed submicromolar and low nanomolar IC50 values against P. falciparum and Trypanosoma brucei, respectively. Two compounds, 4-(2-ethylguanidino)-N-(4-(2-ethylguanidino)phenyl)benzamide dihydrochloride (7b) and 4-(2-isopropylguanidino)-N-(4-(2-isopropylguanidino)phenyl)benzamide dihydrochloride (7c), which showed favourable drug-like properties and in vivo efficacy (100% cures) in the STIB900 mouse model of acute human African trypanosomiasis represent interesting leads for further in vivo studies. The binding of these compounds to AT-rich DNA was confirmed by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor experiments.

Alternative oxidase inhibitors: Mitochondrion-targeting as a strategy for new drugs against pathogenic parasites and fungi

The alternative oxidase (AOX) is a ubiquitous terminal oxidase of plants and many fungi, catalyzing the four-electron reduction of oxygen to water alongside the cytochrome-based electron transfer chain. Unlike the classical electron transfer chain, however, the activity of AOX does not generate adenosine triphosphate but has functions such as thermogenesis and stress response. As it lacks a mammalian counterpart, it has been investigated intensely in pathogenic fungi. However, it is in African trypanosomes, which lack cytochrome-based respiration in their infective stages, that trypanosome alternative oxidase (TAO) plays the central and essential role in their energy metabolism. TAO was validated as a drug target decades ago and among the first inhibitors to be identified was salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM), which produced the expected trypanocidal effects, especially when potentiated by coadministration with glycerol to inhibit anaerobic energy metabolism as well. However, the efficacy of this combination was too low to be of practical clinical use. The antibiotic ascofuranone (AF) proved a much stronger TAO inhibitor and was able to cure Trypanosoma vivax infections in mice without glycerol and at much lower doses, providing an important proof of concept milestone. Systematic efforts to improve the SHAM and AF scaffolds, aided with the elucidation of the TAO crystal structure, provided detailed structure-activity relationship information and reinvigorated the drug discovery effort. Recently, the coupling of mitochondrion-targeting lipophilic cations to TAO inhibitors has dramatically improved drug targeting and trypanocidal activity while retaining target protein potency. These developments appear to have finally signposted the way to preclinical development of TAO inhibitors.

Synthesis, biological, and photophysical studies of molecular rotor-based fluorescent inhibitors of the Trypanosome Alternative Oxidase

We have recently reported on the development and trypanocidal activity of a class of inhibitors of Trypanosome Alternative Oxidase (TAO) that are targeted to the mitochondrial matrix by coupling to lipophilic cations via C14 linkers to enable optimal interaction with the enzyme’s active site. This strategy resulted in a much-enhanced anti-parasite effect, which we ascribed to the greater accumulation of the compound at the location of the target protein, i.e. the mitochondrion, but to date this localization has not been formally established. We therefore synthesized a series of fluorescent analogues to visualize accumulation and distribution within the cell. The fluorophore chosen, julolidine, has the remarkable extra feature of being able to function as a viscosity sensor and might thus additionally act as a probe of the cellular glycerol that is expected to be produced when TAO is inhibited. Two series of fluorescent inhibitor conjugates incorporating a cationic julolidine-based viscosity sensor were synthesized and their photophysical and biological properties were studied. These probes display a red emission, with a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), using both single- and two-photon excitation. Upon incubation with T. brucei and mammalian cells, the fluorescent inhibitors 1a and 2a were taken up selectively in the mitochondria as shown by live-cell imaging. Efficient partition of 1a in functional isolated (rat liver) mitochondria was estimated to 66 ± 20% of the total. The compounds inhibited recombinant TAO enzyme in the submicromolar (1a, 2c, 2d) to low nanomolar range (2a) and were effective against WT and multidrug-resistant trypanosome strains (B48, AQP1-3 KO) in the submicromolar range. Good selectivity (SI > 29) over mammalian HEK cells was observed.

Characterisation and management of interaction risks between livestock and wild ungulates in extensive farms in Spain

Scientists from the IREC, the Universities of Cordoba and Leon, together with the research centre VISAVET and the valuable help of collaborators of the sector and administrations, are studying how to characterise and improve biosecurity against wild ungulates through a common and systematic protocol in extensive farms in Mediterranean dehesas.

Inactivated tuberculosis mycobacteria as an immunostimulant against salmonellosis in pigs

Tuberculosis against salmonellosis: A study shows that exposure to inactivated mycobacteria have positive clinical, pathological and immunological effects against other bacterial pathogens in pigs

Pharmaceutical and transformation products during unplanned water reuse: Insights into natural attenuation, plant uptake and human health impact under field conditions

In urban and periurban areas, agricultural soils are often irrigated with surface water containing a complex mixture of contaminants due to WWTP effluent discharges. The unplanned water reuse of these resources for crop irrigation can represent a pathway for contaminant propagation and a potential health risk due to their introduction in the food chain. The aim of this study is to provide data about the magnitude of attenuation processes and plant uptake. Target compounds are 25 pharmaceuticals, including transformation products (TPs). The field site is an agricultural parcel where maize is irrigated by a gravity-fed surface system supplied by the Jarama river, a water course strongly impacted by WWTP effluents. Throughout the 3-month irrigation period, irrigation water and water infiltrating through the vadose zone were sampled. The agricultural soil was collected before and after the irrigation campaign, and maize was sampled before harvesting. All selected compounds are detected in irrigation water (up to 12,867 ng L−1). Metformin, two metamizole TPs and valsartan occur with the highest concentrations. For most pharmaceuticals, results demonstrate a high natural attenuation during soil infiltration (>60%). However, leached concentrations of some compounds can be still at concern level (>400 ng L−1). A persistent behavior is observed for carbamazepine, carbamazepine epoxide and sulfamethoxazole. Pharmaceutical soil contents are in the order of ng g−1 and positively ionized compounds accumulate more effectively. Results also indicate the presence of a constant pool of drugs in soils. Only neutral and cationic pharmaceuticals are taken up in maize tissues, mainly in the roots. There is an insignificant threat to human health derived from maize consumption however, additional toxicity tests are recommended for 4AAA and acetaminophen.

Pharmaceuticals and trace metals in the surface water used for crop irrigation: Risk to health or natural attenuation?

The use of surface water impacted by wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents for crop irrigation is a form of unplanned water reuse. Natural attenuation processes can buffer contamination spreading. However, this practice can promote the exposure of crops to contaminants of emerging concern, such as pharmaceuticals, trace metals (TMs) and metalloids, posing a risk to health. This research aimed to evaluate the presence of 50 pharmaceuticals, some transformation products, 7 TMs and a metalloid in the water-sediment-soil-plant system, and their potential to be bioaccumulated into edible parts of plants, as a result of the unplanned water reuse. The study site consists of an extensive agricultural land downstream Madrid city (Spain) where surface water, strongly impacted by WWTP effluents, is applied through gravity-based systems to cultivate mainly maize. Sampling campaigns were conducted to collect WWTP effluent, surface and irrigation water, river sediments, agricultural soils and maize fruits. Results demonstrate the ubiquitous presence of several pharmaceuticals. The concentration pattern in irrigation water did not resemble the pattern of contents in soils and plants. The pharmaceuticals included in the EU surface water watch lists were quantified in the lowest concentration range (antibiotics) or were not detected (hormones). TMs in water and agricultural soils should not arise any concern. Whereas, their presence in the river sediments may have an adverse impact on aquatic ecosystems. Only acetaminophen, ibuprofen, carbamazepine, nicotine, Zn, Cu and Ni were quantified in corn grains. Results indicate that neither pharmaceuticals nor TMs pose a threat to human health due to consumption of maize cultivated in the area.

Discovery and Pharmacological Studies of 4-Hydroxyphenyl-Derived Phosphonium Salts Active in a Mouse Model of Visceral Leishmaniasis

We report the discovery of new 4-hydroxyphenyl phosphonium salt derivatives active in the submicromolar range (EC50 from 0.04 to 0.28 μM, SI > 10) against the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani. The pharmacokinetics and in vivo oral efficacy of compound 1 [(16-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-16 - oxohexadec yl)triphenylphosphonium bromide] in a mouse model of visceral leishmaniasis were established. Compound 1 reduced the parasite load in spleen (98.9%) and liver (95.3%) of infected mice after an oral dosage of four daily doses of 1.5 mg/kg. Mode of action studies showed that compound 1 diffuses across the plasma membrane, as designed, and targets the mitochondrion of Leishmania parasites. Disruption of the energetic metabolism, with a decrease of intracellular ATP levels as well as mitochondrial depolarization together with a significant reactive oxygen species production, contributes to the leishmanicidal effect of 1. Importantly, this compound was equally effective against antimonials and miltefosine-resistant clinical isolates of Leishmania infantum, indicating its potential as antileishmanial lead.

Recent publications list C. Alonso

Recent publications list C. Alonso with links

New insights into the role of endosomal proteins for African swine fever virus infection

African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a deadly disease of pigs and wild boars that was endemic in Africa but has spread in recent years to Europe, Asia, and Oceania with a high socio-economic impact. ASFV enters the cell by endocytosis and has adapted to the endosomal conditions to acquire infectivity. Fusion of the internal viral membrane with the endosomal membrane is required for the exit of viral DNA into the cytoplasm to start replication. We have found that ASF virion internal membrane proteins E248R and E199L interact with the endosomal proteins Niemann Pick C1 (NPC1) and lysosomal membrane protein (Lamp)-1 and -2. And, appear to be required for endosomal trafficking of ASF virions endosomal traffic and exit to the cytoplasm in the cell entry process. These molecules act regulating cholesterol flux from the endosome to the endoplasmic reticulum and appear to be important for the viral infection cycle. In silenced and knockout cells, ASFV infection was affected at early and later stages. In null cells, virion entry and progression through the endosomal pathway at entry were arrested and several viral cores were retained at late endosomes without entering the fusion phase for the cytoplasmic exit. These results provide new insights into the role of endosomal proteins for ASFV infection

Do all camera trap models work the same?

Comparing the performance of 45 camera traps of 5 different models under field conditions reveals significant differences based on many factors, such as camera model, deployment height, period of the day or target wildlife species.

First national risk map of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus infection.

An epidemiological model based on red deer makes it possible to develop the first risk map of exposure to the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in Spain and will be key to prevent the disease in people.

Immunization With Bovine Herpesvirus-4-Based Vector Delivering PPRV-H Protein Protects Sheep From PPRV Challenge

The Morbillivirus peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is the causal agent of a highly contagious disease that mostly affects sheep and goats and produces considerable losses in developing countries. Current PPRV control strategies rely on live-attenuated vaccines, which are not ideal, as they cannot differentiate infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA). Recombinant vector-based vaccines expressing viral subunits can provide an alternative to conventional vaccines, as they can be easily paired with DIVA diagnostic tools. In the present work, we used the bovine herpesvirus-4-based vector (BoHV-4-A) to deliver PPRV hemagglutinin H antigen (BoHV-4-A-PPRV-H-ΔTK). Vaccination with BoHV-4-A-PPRV-H-ΔTK protected sheep from virulent PPRV challenge and prevented virus shedding. Protection correlated with anti-PPRV IgGs, neutralizing antibodies and IFN-γ-producing cells induced by the vaccine. Detection of antibodies exclusively against H-PPRV in animal sera and not against other PPRV viral proteins such as F or N could serve as a DIVA diagnostic test when using BoHV-4-A-PPRV-H-ΔTK as vaccine. Our data indicate that BoHV-4-A-PPRV-H-ΔTK could be a promising new approach for PPRV eradication programs.

Vaccinomics: a future avenue for vaccine development against emerging pathogens

Scientists from the IREC propose the application of quantum vaccinomics to further contribute to vaccine development by facilitating antigen combinations to target pathogen infection and transmission in current and emerging infectious diseases such as COVID-19.

How does feeding in landfills affect white storks?

A multidisciplinary study reveals that white stork nestlings fed with a higher proportion of food from urban landfills present a better nutritional status and body condition than those fed with a higher proportion of natural diet.

Hunters from Salamanca collaborate with the IREC in the fight against the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus

The Salamanca Delegation of the Federación de Caza de Castilla y León collaborates with the IREC in the collection of samples whose analysis will allow elaborating an epidemiological map of the Crimean-Congo virus disease in the province.

Analysis of the overabundance scenarios of wild ungulates in Europe

A scientific review describes the main scenarios of wild ungulate overabundance that currently exist in Europe and its causes, as well as the most suitable set of indicators of ecological change for its monitoring, diagnosis and management.

An innovative method to detect the presence of Covid-19 RNA in the environment

Developed by a team of nurses, biologists, physicians and veterinarians, and even a physicist, in a true commitment to the ´One Health´ concept to fight the Covid-19, the method will allow us to improve the early detection of the virus, to monitor its circulation and to identify targets for a more efficient control.

Feeding of white storks on landfills could make these vectors for the dispersal of antibiotic resistant bacteria

A multidisciplinary team of researchers reveals that, when foraging on landfills, White storks acquire multiresistant strains of the common bacteria Escherichia coli, and could disperse these over long distances.

Distribution and genetic variability of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in southwestern Spain

Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus is detected in ticks from wild ungulates from different provinces in southwestern Spain. Its wide distribution and high genetic variability could lead to the appearance of new strains of the virus in the future, with the consequent epidemiological risk.

IREC scientists will harmonize the collection of wildlife population data to improve health surveillance systems.

The applications of this research project in the field of health surveillance and disease control will improve our response to outbreaks of diseases shared between fauna, livestock and humans.

Scientists identify the best oral-bait delivery strategy for administering health treatments to wild populations of red deer

IREC scientists identify the most effective strategy for administering oral health treatments to wild populations of Iberian deer through the use of food baits

Skeletal anomalies in reared Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) juveniles: a radiographic approach.

Reared Senegalese sole Solea senegalensis Kaup show a high incidence of vertebral anomalies; however, little is known about its skeletal anomaly profile in the later farming phases. The purpose of this study was to provide a detailed description and quantification of the most common skeletal anomalies in reared Senegalese sole in the juvenile stage by means of computed radiography. A total of 374 Senegalese sole were classified according to the external morphology of the fish as normal or altered and then radiographed in latero-lateral and in dorso-ventral projections. Radiographic evaluation of anomalies focused especially on vertebral body anomalies (VBA) and vertebral column deviations (VCD). The 2 orthogonal projections provided a more complete visualization of the skeleton. Approximately 75% of the individuals showed at least 1 anomaly, while VBA and/or VCD were detected in 48.9% of the specimens. Regarding external morphology, 88% of the fish were categorized as normal, although about 72% of these normal fish displayed abnormalities in radiographies. The most frequent anomalies consisted of deformations of the caudal complex plates (hypurals, parhypural and epural), preurals and caudal vertebrae. Scoliosis was the most prevalent among VCD, affecting the caudal area in almost 15% of the individuals. The anomaly profile at the juvenile stages showed some differences compared to what has been reported previously in earlier stages of development. In light of these results, further investigation into the progression of skeletal anomalies over time and the causative factors at later stages is required.

First description of a natural infection with spleen and kidney necrosis virus in zebrafish.

Zebrafish has become a popular research model in the last years, and several diseases affecting zebrafish research facilities have been reported. However, only one case of naturally occurring viral infections was described for this species. In 2015, infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV ) was detected in zebrafish from a research facility in Spain. Affected fish showed lethargy, loss of appetite, abnormal swimming, distention of the coelomic cavity and, in the most severe cases, respiratory distress, pale gills and petechial haemorrhages at the base of fins. Cytomegaly was the most relevant histopathological finding in organs and tissues, sometimes associated to degenerative and necrotic changes. ISKNV belongs to the relatively newly defined genus Megalocytivirus , family Iridoviridae, comprising large, icosahedral cytoplasmic DNA viruses. This is the first case of naturally occurring Megalocytivirus infection in zebrafish research facilities, associated with morbidity. The virus has been identified based on both pathologic and genetic evidence, to better understand the pathogenesis of the infection in zebrafish and the phylogenetic relationship with other iridoviruses. Given the ability of megalocytiviruses to cross‐species boundaries, it seems necessary to implement stringent biosecurity practices as these infections may invalidate experimental data and have major impact on laboratory and cultured fish.

Susceptibility of Zebrafish to Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Infection.

The zebrafish, Danio rerio, has become recognized as a valuable model for infectious diseases. Here we evaluated the susceptibility of zebrafish to be infected with the mammalian vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Both zebrafish cells and embryos were highly susceptible to VSV infection. Mortalities exceeded 80% in infected embryos and were preceded by the invasion of the central nervous system by VSV. Live imaging of the infection with GFP-VSV as well as virus titration from infected fish confirmed the viral replication. Immunohistochemical analysis of embryonic fish provided evidence of viral antigens as well as of the apoptosis marker caspase-3 in the brain, eye, liver, pronephros, and skeletal muscle. So far, this is the first report describing the susceptibility of zebrafish to the mammalian virus VSV.

Long-term affected flat oyster (Ostrea edulis) haemocytes show differential gene expression profiles from naïve oysters in response to Bonamia ostreae

European flat oyster (Ostrea edulis) production has suffered a severe decline due to bonamiosis. The responsible parasite enters in oyster haemocytes, causing an acute inflammatory response frequently leading to death. We used an immune-enriched oligo-microarray to understand the haemocyte response to Bonamia ostreae by comparing expression profiles between naïve (NS) and long-term affected (AS) populations along a time series (1 d, 30 d, 90 d). AS showed a much higher response just after challenge, which might be indicative of selection for resistance. No regulated genes were detected at 30 d in both populations while a notable reactivation was observed at 90 d, suggesting parasite latency during infection. Genes related to extracellular matrix and protease inhibitors, up-regulated in AS, and those related to histones, down-regulated in NS, might play an important role along the infection. Twenty-four candidate genes related to resistance should be further validated for selection programs aimed to control bonamiosis.

Skeletal Anomalies in Senegalese Sole (Solea senegalensis), an Anosteocytic Boned Flatfish Species.

Skeletal anomalies affect animal welfare and cause important economic problems in aquaculture. Despite the high frequency of skeletal problems in reared Solea senegalensis, there is lack of information regarding the histological features of normal and deformed vertebrae in this flatfish. The aim of this study was to describe the histopathological and radiographical appearance of vertebral body anomalies. Sixty-seven juvenile fish were radiographically examined 104 or 105 days after hatching. Through radiographic images, vertebral segments were selected and processed for histopathological examination from 7 normal and 7 affected fish. Alterations in bone shape and vertebral fusion were the most significant anomalies in the vertebral bodies. These alterations occurred most frequently between the last 3 abdominal vertebrae and the first 10 caudal centra. Radiographically, deformed vertebrae showed flattening of the endplates and narrowing of the intervertebral spaces. The radiographic findings concurred with the histological lesions where affected vertebrae exhibited irregular endplates and changes in trabecular bone. Radiolucent cartilaginous tissue was evident in the endplates of the deformed vertebra and, in some cases, the cartilaginous material extended from the growth zone into the intervertebral space. These changes were likely the primary alterations that led to vertebral fusion. Fused vertebrae were often reshaped and showed a reorganization of the trabeculae. The formation of metaplastic cartilage is frequent in a variety of anomalies affecting teleost species.

Integrating genomic and morphological approaches in fish pathology research: The case of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) enteromyxosis.

Enteromyxosis, caused by Enteromyxum scophthalmi, is one of the most devastating diseases stemming from myxozoan parasites in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.), being a limiting factor for its production. The disease develops as a cachectic syndrome, associated to catarrhal enteritis and leukocytic depletion, with morbidity and mortality rates usually reaching 100%. To date, no effective treatment exists and there are different unknown issues concerning its pathogenesis. The gross and microscopic lesions associated to enteromyxosis have been thoroughly described, and several morphopathological studies have been carried out to elucidate the mechanisms of this host-parasite interaction. More recently, efforts have been focused on a multidisciplinary approach, combining histopathology and transcriptome analysis, which has provided significant advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of this parasitosis. RNA-Seq technology was applied at early and advanced stages of the disease on fishes histologically evaluated and classified based on their lesional degree. In the same way, the transcriptomic data were analyzed in relation to the morphopathological picture and the course of the disease. In this paper, a comprehensive review of turbot enteromyxosis is presented, starting from the disease description up to the most novel information extracted by an integrated approach on the infection mechanisms and host response. Further, we discuss ongoing strategies toward a full understanding of host-pathogen interaction and the identification of suitable biomarkers for early diagnosis and disease management strategies.

Early stages of Margaritifera margaritifera glochidiosis in Atlantic salmon: Morphopathological characterization.

Freshwater mussels of the order Unionida encyst into the fish mucosa to metamorphose and complete their life cycle, causing a parasitic disease known as glochidiosis. This parasitic stage represents a bottleneck for the survival of naiads, particularly for critically endangered species as Margaritifera margaritifera; however, little is known about the events occurring during this critical stage. Therefore, this study aimed to histologically characterize the development of M. margaritifera glochidiosis in Atlantic salmon to get insight into the pathogenesis of this interaction. Fish exposed to glochidia were sampled during the first 44 days post‐exposure, and organs were observed by stereomicroscopy and light microscopy. Glochidia attached to the gills by pinching the lamellar epithelium, whereupon an acute proliferative branchitis engulfed most of the larvae. However, during the first 14 days, a severe detachment of unviable glochidia occurred, associated with the presence of pleomorphic inflammatory infiltrate and epithelial degeneration. In the cases where larvae remained attached, a chronification of the lesions with none to scarce inflammation was observed. These results provide key information to better understand the complex host–parasite interaction during the early stages of glochidiosis and provide valuable information to optimize artificial rearing of naiads in conservation of threatened freshwater mussel populations.

Immunohistochemical expression of E–cadherin in different tissues of the teleost fish Scophthalmus maximus.

E–cadherin is an evolutionary conserved protein, whose main role as the principal component of adherens junctions is supporting epithelial cell–cell adhesion. It is an essential molecule for the maintenance of the epithelial barrier function and the analysis of its immunohistochemical expression is a valuable resource in morphopathological, ontogenetic and pathogenesis studies in mammals. As well, there is an increasing understanding of the importance of E-cadherin in the physiology of the immune system and the development of the immune response. Mucosal health is a primary issue in aquaculture research; nevertheless, there is a lack of immunohistochemical studies of cell junction proteins in fish species. In this work, an immunohistochemical technique was optimized in Bouin- and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues of turbot Scophthalmus maximus, employing a commercial antibody raised against human E-cadherin. The specificity of the antibody in recognizing the molecule in this teleost species was tested by western blot and mass spectrometry-based proteomic analyses. The assays showed a good specificity and indicated that the antibody recognizes the well conserved cytoplasmic domain of the protein. Immunohistochemistry showed the localisation of E-cadherin at cell-cell contact in the epithelia of the different organs, between the hepatocytes and the pancreatic acinar cells, as well as in the reticulo-epithelial stroma of the thymus. Also, the immunoreaction was observed in the cells constituting the melano-macrophage centres in the spleen and kidney. No immunostaining was detected, as expected, only in the heart and brain. No significant difference was noticed between the two fixative used for collecting the tissues samples. This is the first description of E-cadherin immunohistochemical expression in several tissues of a teleost. The immunohistochemical technique represents a useful tool to be used in the different areas of fish health research.

Effects of Enteromyxum spp. (Myxozoa) infection in the regulation of intestinal E-cadherin: turbot against gilthead sea bream

ABSTRACT: Enteromyxoses are relevant diseases for turbot and gilthead sea bream aquaculture. The myxozoan parasites invade the intestinal mucosa, causing a cachectic syndrome associated with intestinal barrier alteration; nonetheless, their pathological impact is different. Turbot infected by Enteromyxum scophthalmi develop more severe intestinal lesions, reaching mortality rates of 100%, whereas in E. leei ‐infected gilthead sea bream, the disease progresses slowly, and mortality rates are lower. The mechanisms underlying the different pathogenesis are still unclear. We studied the distribution and expression changes of E‐cadherin, a highly conserved protein of the adherens junctions, in the intestine of both species by immunohistochemistry and quantitative PCR, using the same immunohistochemical protocol and common primers. The regular immunostaining pattern observed in control fish turned into markedly irregular in parasitized turbot, showing an intense immunoreaction at the host–parasite interface. Nevertheless, E‐cadherin gene expression was not significantly modulated in this species. On the contrary, no evident changes in the protein distribution were noticed in gilthead sea bream, whereas a significant gene downregulation occurred in advanced infection. The results contribute to the understanding of the different host–parasite interactions in enteromyxoses. Host and parasite cells appear to establish diverse relationships in these species, which could underlie the different pathological picture.

Melatonin for the first in vitro production of Iberian red deer embryos from dead animals.

Scientists from the IREC produce Iberian red deer embryos in vitro from germ cells of dead females for the first time, becoming the only ones in the world to produce embryos of this deer subspecies.

Mathematical models to improve the control of infectious diseases

A mathematical model allows understanding the epidemiological dynamics of the African swine fever (ASF), in which the wild boar is a key actor, constituting an essential tool to control epidemic outbreaks and prevent health emergency situations.

STOP the collection of Mediterranean spur-thighed tortoises as pets

The non-commercial collection of Mediterranean spur-thighed tortoises as pets in Morocco could compromise the conservation of wild populations in one of the hotspots of the species in northern Africa

Predation of tortoises by ravens: what is the role that plays the shrub?

Predation of hatchlings and juveniles of spur-thighed tortoises by common ravens could constitute a threat to the conservation of this chelonian in North African anthropic habitats with low shrub cover.

The social network of interactions between wild ungulates and livestock

The use of several complementary methodologies allows to identify in detail the social network of interactions between wild ungulates and livestock in areas where they coexist, providing the keys for the correct management of shared diseases by reducing the risk of pathogen transmission.

Antioxidants slow telomere shortening in white stork chicks

The relationship between oxidative stress and telomere shortening in vivo in free-living white stork chicks demonstrates the importance of physiological stress as a predictor of longevity and survival.

Good practices in relation to hunting wild boar and prevention of health risks

Nightjars wild boars are part of our natural environment and the management of their populations should be done sensibly and coexistence with other activities such as agriculture, animal husbandry, conservation and nature tourism. This manual of good practices It proposes a series of actions to help improve coexistence between wild boar and hunting use and other activities and resources of rural areas, with particular reference to control of their superabundance for the prevention of health risks.

Wild boar and African swine fever

Pollution owing to African swine fever (ASF) It is a highly contagious and lethal viral disease that affects both the domestic pig and the Wild boar. The virus has begun to spread throughout northern and eastern Europe, and if it reached Spain, the impacts on the pig sector, hunting and the environment would be dramatic.

The IREC participates in a program for the development of vaccines against ticks in Uganda

IREC scientists participate in a program for vaccine development dedicated to control ticks in cattle in Uganda. The project includes training Ugandan staff to begin production of the vaccine nationwide.

Distribution patterns of saprolegniosis cutaneous lesions in wild and farmed brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) obtained using a geographic information system (GIS) (Fregeneda-Grandes y Aller-Gancedo , 2019)

A retrospective study was conducted using 250 clinical records of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) with saprolegniosis by Saprolegnia parasitica, which had been collected from 8 rivers and 1 fish farm in the province of León (Spain). A geographic information system (GIS) was used to obtain skin lesion distribution patterns in males and females. Lesions in wild brown trout affected 15.31 ± 13.33% of the body surface, with a mean of 12.76 ± 6.56 lesions per fish. In addition, 51.23% of wild trout presented lesions with necrosis of the skin or fins. The pattern obtained when not distinguishing between sexes indicated that saprolegniosis lesions are mainly located above the lateral line and most frequently affect the dorsal cephalic region, the adipose fin, the peduncle and the caudal fin. However, differences were observed between males and females. Farmed trout presented a lower percentage of affected body surface (2.06 ± 4.36) and a lower number of lesions with and without necrosis because they received preventive treatment for saprolegniosis.

First record of an outbreak of saprolegniosis by Saprolegnia parasitica in Pseudochondrostoma duriense (Coelho, 1985) (Cyprinidae)(Aller-Gancedo et al., 2016)

An outbreak of saprolegniosis by Saprolegnia parasitica in the cyprinid fish Pseudochondrostoma duriense (Coelho, 1985) is described here for the first time. P. duriense is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. Hundreds of sick and dead fish appeared in the River Bernesga (Spain). Skin and subcutaneous skeletal musculature were infected. Fish showed multi-focal dermatitis with loss of the epidermis, degeneration and necrosis of the skeletal muscle fibres, ulcerative keratoconjunctivitis and anterior uvitis.

Biocontrol of saprolegniosis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) using two bacterial isolates (LE89 and LE141) of Pseudomonas fluorescens (González-Palacios et al., 2019)

The probiotic activity of 15 bacterial isolates that inhibit Saprolegnia parasitica in vitro was tested for the biocontrol of saprolegniosis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum), adding the bacteria to tank water for 14 days at a concentration of 106 bacteria ml−1 water. Pseudomonas fluorescens LE89 and Pseudomonas fluorescens LE141 were effective in controlling experimental infection with S. parasitica since of the fish treated with LE89, 24.5% ± 16.27% (p < 0.05) became infected, as did 42.8% ± 8.41% (p < 0.05) of those treated with LE141. Given their protective effect when administered in water, their effect was also studied when administered in feed before and after experimental infection. Both bacterial isolates survived low pH levels and the action of bile, grew in skin and intestinal mucus, were resistant to several antibiotics and survived in feed; however, neither of the two isolates prevented S. parasitica infection when administered in feed.

Jordi Figuerola publicactions

Resumen de publicaciones en Google Academico

Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato prevalence and diversity in ticks and small mammals in a Lyme borreliosis endemic Nature Reserve in North-Western Spain. Incidence in surrounding human populations.

To determine the prevalence and diversity of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) in an endemic Nature Reserve (Sierra del Sueve) in North-Western Spain, and the risk of human exposure to infected ticks in Asturias, 1013 questing ticks and 70 small mammals were collected between 2012 and 2014. A retrospective descriptive analysis was also carried out on human Lyme borreliosis (LB) cases reported to the local hospital (Cabueñes). Samples were screened for B. burgdorferi s.l. presence by a nested PCR assay, and genospecies were confirmed by sequencing. B. burgdorferi s.l. was detected in 1.4% (12/845) of I. ricinus questing nymphs, 9.1% (2/33) of questing adults, and 12.9% (9/70) of small mammals, as well as in the other tick species. PCR positive samples of 17 questing tick and 6 small mammals were sequenced. Four genospecies were identified: B. afzelii, B. garinii, B. lusitaniae, and B. valaisiana. Phylogenetic analyses based on the flaB gene showed the heterogeneity of B. afzelii in this area. The detection of B. burgdorferi s.l. among questing ticks and small mammals in the study area, as well as the abundance of ticks and of large wild and domestic mammals, indicate a high risk of infection by B. burgdorferi s.l. in the area. Reporting of LB cases to the local hospital support this, and shows the need of thorough monitoring of B. burgdorferi infection in ticks and hosts in the area. More investigations are needed to assess the role of different wildlife species and the risk of transmission to humans.

Louping ill in goats, Spain, 2011.

Although louping ill affects mainly sheep, a 2011 outbreak in northern Spain occurred among goats. Histopathologic lesions and molecular genetics identified a new strain of louping ill virus, 94% identical to the strain from Britain.

A one-step TaqMan real-time qRT-PCR assay for the specific detection and quantitation of the Spanish goat encephalitis virus (SGEV).

Louping ill-like virus (LI) has been recently detected in two different locations in the north of Spain and separated by only around 400 km. Using molecular approaches, the viruses causing both outbreaks have been shown to be different to LI virus, but also different to each other. They have been called SSEV (Spanish sheep encephalitis virus) and SGEV (Spanish goat encephalitis virus) taking into account the species from which they were isolated. The aim of this paper was to design a quantitative TaqMan real-time RT-PCR protocol, for the specific diagnostic and quantitation of SGEV. Linearity, efficiency and dynamic range as well as reproducibility and specificity of the method has been tested and established.

First Confirmation of Schmallenberg Virus in Cattle in Spain: Tissue Distribution and Pathology.

Between January and June 2013, nine stillborn bovine foetuses with congenital malformations from nine cattle herds located in Salamanca (central Spain) were detected. Necropsy was performed on two calves. Pathological lesions together with molecular genetics and serological results allowed a definitive diagnosis: first confirmation of Schmallenberg virus (SBV) infection in cattle in Spain. SBV was detected in different tissues and organic fluids in both animals including blood, suggesting a possible viraemia. The umbilical cord was also positive for the presence of SBV in both animals. The former tissue provides an easy to obtain sample and might be a sample of choice when necropsy is carried out in the field.

Canine adenovirus type 1 (CAdV-1) in free-ranging European brown bear (Ursus arctos arctos): A threat for Cantabrian population?

Canine adenovirus type 1 (CAdV-1) is responsible for infectious canine hepatitis. The disease has been described in captive American black bear (Ursus americanus) and European brown bear (Ursus arctos arctos), with just one recently reported case in a cub of a free-ranging brown bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) from Alaska. The aim of this work is to summarize findings related to presence and associated mortality of CAdV-1 in 21 free-ranging Cantabrian brown bears (Ursus arctos arctos) submitted to necropsy in Asturias and Castilla y León (northwestern Spain) from 1998 to 2018.

Tuberculosis Epidemiology and Badger (Meles meles) Spatial Ecology in a Hot-Spot Area in Atlantic Spain (Acevedo et al. 2019)

We provide a temporal overview (from 2012 to 2018) of the outcomes of tuberculosis (TB) in the cattle and badger populations in a hot-spot in Asturias (Atlantic Spain). We also study the badger`s spatial ecology from an epidemiological perspective in order to describe hazardous behavior in relation to TB transmission between cattle and badgers. Culture and single intradermal tuberculin test (SITT) were available for cattle as part of the National Program for the Eradication of TB. A field survey was also carried out in order to determine the paddocks and buildings used by each farm, and the information obtained was stored by using geographic information systems. Moreover, eighty-three badgers were submitted for necropsy and subsequent bacteriological studies. Ten badgers were also tracked, using global positioning system (GPS) collars. The prevalence of TB in cattle herds in the hot-spot increased from 2.2% in 2012 to 20% in 2016; it then declined to 0.0% in 2018. In contrast, the TB prevalence in badgers increased notably (from 5.55% in 2012-2015 to 10.64% in 2016-2018). Both cattle and badgers shared the same strain of Mycobacterium bovis. The collared badgers preferred paddocks used by TB-positive herds in spring and summer (when they were more active). The males occupied larger home ranges than the females (Khr95: males 149.78 ± 25.84 ha and females 73.37 ± 22.91 ha; Kcr50: males 29.83 ± 5.69 ha and females 13.59 ± 5.00 ha), and the home ranges were smaller in autumn and winter than in summer. The averages of the index of daily and maximum distances traveled by badgers were 1.88 ± (SD) 1.20 km and 1.99 ± 0.71 km, respectively. One of them presented a dispersive behavior with a maximum range of 18.3 km. The most preferred habitat was apple orchards in all seasons, with the exception of winter, in which they preferred pastures.

Protective Effect of Oral BCG and Inactivated Mycobacterium bovis Vaccines in European Badgers (Meles meles) Experimentally Infected With M. bovis (Balseiro et al. 2020)

In Europe, badgers (Meles meles) are recognized as major tuberculosis (TB) reservoir hosts with the potential to transmit infection to associated cattle herds. Recent studies in Spain have demonstrated that vaccination with a heat-inactivated Mycobacterium bovis vaccine (HIMB) successfully protects captive wild boar and red deer against progressive disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of two oral vaccines against TB in a badger model: the live-attenuated M. bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin BCG vaccine (Danish strain) and a HIMB vaccine. Twenty-four badgers were separated in three treatment groups: oral vaccinated with live BCG (108 CFU, n = 5), oral vaccinated with HIMB (107 CFU, n = 7), and unvaccinated controls (n = 12). All badgers were experimentally infected with M. bovis (103 CFU) by the endobronchial route targeting the right middle lung lobe. Throughout the study, clinical, immunological, pathological, and bacteriological parameters of infection were measured. Both vaccines conferred protection against experimental TB in badger, as measured by a reduction of the severity and lesion volumes. Based on these data, HIMB vaccination appears to be a promising TB oral vaccine candidate for badgers in endemic countries.

Cholangiocarcinoma in a Free-Ranging Eurasian Brown Bear (Ursus arctos arctos) from Northern Spain.

A hepatic cholangiocarcinoma with metastases in the gallbladder, left elbow joint, adrenal glands, and lungs was observed in a female 21-yr-old free-ranging Eurasian brown bear (Ursus arctos arctos) found in the Principality of Asturias (northern Spain). Gross and histopathologic findings are described.

RNA-Seq analysis of ileocecal valve and peripheral blood from Holstein cattle infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis revealed dysregulation of the CXCL8/IL8 signaling pathway.

Paratuberculosis is chronic granulomatous enteritis of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Whole RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) is a promising source of novel biomarkers for early MAP infection and disease progression in cattle. Since the blood transcriptome is widely used as a source of biomarkers, we analyzed whether it recapitulates, at least in part, the transcriptome of the ileocecal valve (ICV), the primary site of MAP colonization.

Una iniciativa de

Vet + i

Ayuda PTR2022-001249 financiada por:

UNION EUROPEA - FONDO EUROPEO DE DESARROLLO REGIONAL

Vetinnova © 2024